Common Bacterial Diseases: What They Are and How to Fight Them?

We always hear about bacterial diseases and infections, but what are they? How do common bacterial diseases spread? And most importantly, what causes them, and how can we know whether we have been infected or not? This is the very thing we will try to learn in this blog.

According to the Global Burden of Disease 2019, around 7.7 million people died due to bacterial diseases. The study examined 33 types of bacteria across 11 infectious syndromes. It used data from more than 343 million individual records to estimate the global burden of bacterial infections. 

So, it is very important to equip ourselves with the workings of common bacterial diseases and find out about them before they become life-threatening. Before we begin, it is important to know that if you feel any of the following symptoms, make sure to visit your doctor and get the right medication.

What is a Bacterial Disease?

“Bacterial infections are diseases that can affect your skin, lungs, brain, blood, and other parts of your body. You get them from single-celled organisms that multiply or release toxins in your body. Common bacterial diseases include UTIs, food poisoning, STIs, and some skin, sinus, and ear infections. They’re often treated with antibiotics.” As defined by the Cleveland Clinic.

So, let’s simplify this, shall we? Common bacterial diseases are caused by microscopic pathogens. While bacteria are mostly harmless to our body, a small percentage can cause infection to enter our body, release toxins, or destroy cells.

There are four types of bacterial infections, i.e., respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary tract, and sexually transmitted Infections.

In this blog, we shall take a look at the common bacterial diseases, their symptoms, and how to handle them.

Types of Common Bacterial Diseases That You Must Be Aware Of:

1. Sepsis

According to the WHO, around 48.9 million people were infected with Sepsis. It means one out of every five people has sepsis. Around 20% of all global deaths happen due to this very disease.

Here are some of its symptoms:

• Urinary Issues, such as reduced urine or an urge to urinate
• Low Energy
• Increase Heart Rate
• Low Blood Pressure
• Hypothermia or High Fever
• Shaking/Dizziness
• Clammy Skin
• Shortness of Breath/ Hyperventilation
• Discomfort

2. Pneumonia

Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children. According to UNICEF, at least one child dies of pneumonia every 45 seconds. It is very important to make sure you pay attention to your child’s health and take them to the doctor in case you see any symptoms of pneumonia in them.

Here are some of its symptoms to look out for:

• Chest Pain during Cough or Breathing
• Change in Mental Awareness/Confusion
• Phlegm-producing cough
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Sweating
• Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems)
• Nausea, Vomiting
• Shortness of Breath

3. Urinary tract infections

A bacterial infection that mostly affects the bladder or urethra is called a urinary tract infection. This common bacterial infection can easily spread to the kidneys and cause you a lot of trouble. Women have a higher chance of developing a UTI compared to men. When the infection is restricted to the bladder, it can be irritating and slightly painful. But if a UTI spreads to the kidneys, it might result in serious health problems.

Here are some symptoms to check:

• A strong urge to urinate that doesn’t go away
• Burning Sensation when peeing
• Passes a small amount of urine
• Strong-smelling urine
• Red-colored Urine
• Pelvic pain, in women, specifically in the center of the pelvis and the pubic bone area

4. Meningitis

Meningitis is the name of a bacterial infection that causes inflammation surrounding your brain and spinal cord. It is also called ‘spinal meningitis.’ It attacks the meninges, which protect the brain and spinal cord from injury. They give support and structure to these organs. They contain nerves, blood vessels, and protective fluid (cerebrospinal fluid). Meningitis can be extremely fatal among all the common bacterial infections.

Here’s what you must look out for:

• Stiffness in Neck
• Photophobia, i.e., sensitivity to light
• Lethargy
• Hallucination
• Rash-like spots
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Altered State of Mind
• Loss of Appetite

5. Strep Throat

Strep throat is an infection in the tonsils and throat caused by a bacterium called group A Streptococcus (group A strep). It can cause a sore throat and severe inflammation. This inflammation normally affects your tonsils and the surrounding area of your throat. It commonly affects children between the ages of 5 and 15.

Here are some symptoms of Strep Throat:

• Chills
• Abdominal Pain
• Loss of Appetite
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Headaches
• Strep Throat Rash/ Scarlet Fever

6. Tuberculosis

According to Global TB reports, approximately 10.8 million people worldwide fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) in 2023. The disease caused an estimated 1.25 million deaths that year. It is one of the deadliest common bacterial diseases that you must look out for. Thankfully, we do have a cure for the disease, but you must visit the nearest clinic as soon as possible.

Here are some symptoms to look out for:

• Prolonged Cough
• Coughing Blood
• Chest Pain
• Weakness/Dizziness
• Night Sweats
• Fever
• Weight loss

7. Diarrhea

Diarrhea can be caused by various pathogens like viruses, parasites, and bacteria. It can be extremely painful and energy-consuming. The most common cause of diarrhea in adults is the norovirus. Meanwhile, the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children is called rotavirus. Besides being a bacterial disease, it can also be due to the side effects of medicines. Several bacteria can cause diarrhea, with common ones including Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and certain strains of E. coli. These can enter your system through food.

Here are some of the symptoms of Diarrhea:

• Bloating
• Stomach Cramp
• Urgent Need to Poop
• Upset Stomach
• Fever
• Severe Pain
• Vomiting
• Blood in Stool
• Headache
• Dry Skin
• Dizziness
• Dark Pee

Also Read:

• Infected Wounds: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
• Are You Ignoring the Signs of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Disease? Here’s What Your Gut’s Telling You 
• Peptic Ulcer Disease: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

What Are the Risk Factors That Affect Common Bacterial Diseases?

Risk factors for bacterial diseases can be categorized into three main groups: host factors, environmental factors, and pathogen factors.

Let’s take a look at each of these factors.

The Host Factor

These relate to the individual’s vulnerability to bacterial infection.

• Weakened Immune System: Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or autoimmune diseases compromise the body’s ability to fight off bacteria.
• Age: The very young have a less developed immune system. And the elderly have a declining immune system, making them more vulnerable.
• Chronic Diseases: Illnesses such as diabetes, kidney disease, or liver disease can weaken the immune response.
• Malnutrition: A poor diet can lead to deficiencies in vitamins and minerals essential for immune function.
• Exposed Skin: Cuts, burns, or surgical wounds provide an entry point for bacteria.
• Medical Devices: Catheters, IV lines, or ventilators can introduce bacteria into the body.

The Environmental Factor

Your surroundings play a big role in contacting common bacterial diseases. Inadequate access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities facilitates the spread of bacteria through contaminated food and water. Living in close quarters in places like schools, military barracks, or refugee camps increases the likelihood of airborne or contact-based transmission.

Traveling to areas with different bacterial strains or lower sanitation standards can expose you to new pathogens. Floods or other natural disasters can contaminate water sources. This leads to outbreaks of bacterial diseases like cholera.

The Pathogen Factor

These are characteristics of the bacteria themselves.

• Virulence: Highly virulent bacteria are more likely to cause disease because they can evade the immune system, multiply quickly, or produce powerful toxins.
• Antibiotic Resistance: Bacteria that have developed resistance to antibiotics are much harder to treat. This leads to a prolonged illness and increased risk of complications.

How to Prevent Common Bacterial Diseases?

Preventing common bacterial diseases involves a combination of good personal hygiene, safe practices, and vaccination. Here’s a breakdown of the most effective ways to prevent bacterial infection:

1. Practice Good Hygiene

Use soap and water and scrub for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the restroom, before preparing or eating food, and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.

2. Get Vaccinated

Make sure you and your family are up to date on all recommended vaccines, including those for tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough (pertussis), and certain types of meningitis and pneumonia.

3. Eat Clean Food

Heat meat, poultry, and eggs to a safe internal temperature to kill harmful bacteria. Wash all produce under running water before eating. Keep raw meat separate from other foods to avoid spreading bacteria. Use separate cutting boards and utensils.

4. Protect Yourself in Public and Social Settings

If you know someone is sick, try to keep your distance to reduce the risk of transmission. Use a tissue or your elbow to cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze. Stay at home if you are sick, as it will prevent you from spreading bacterial infection among your friends and family.

5. Take Precautions with Wounds and Bites

Clean any cuts or wounds with soap and water, and cover them with a clean bandage to prevent bacteria from entering your body. Use insect repellent and wear protective clothing when you’re in areas where bug-borne diseases are a risk.

Case Study: Understanding Common Bacterial Diseases through Real-Life Scenarios

The case study presents 47 mini-case histories showing how bacterial infections affect people in everyday situations. From strep throat and urinary tract infections to pneumonia, meningitis, and MRSA, each case demonstrates how symptoms, lab tests, and patient history lead to a diagnosis. It highlights how common bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes cause illnesses ranging from mild to life-threatening, and how timely treatment is crucial.

Key Takeaway

Common bacterial diseases are more than routine infections; they can escalate quickly if overlooked. Recognizing symptoms early, confirming with the right tests, and following proper treatment are essential steps in managing these widespread health threats.

Also Read:

• Stomach Flu vs Food Poisoning: Understanding the Key Differences
• White Spots on Tonsils: Causes, Symptoms, and When to See a Doctor

Conclusion

Common bacterial diseases, while a significant global health concern, are far from unstoppable. By understanding the types of infections, their symptoms, and transmission methods, we equip ourselves with the knowledge to act swiftly and responsibly. The key takeaway is to be proactive, not reactive. Early detection and seeking professional medical advice are crucial for a positive outcome, preventing conditions like sepsis from becoming life-threatening.

Ultimately, protecting yourself and your loved ones from common bacterial diseases comes down to a few fundamental practices. Regular hand washing, staying up-to-date on vaccinations, and maintaining proper food safety are your first lines of defense. By embracing these habits, you not only safeguard your own health but also contribute to the well-being of your community. Remember, awareness and prevention are the most powerful tools we have in the fight against these widespread infections.

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